Gopi Pipavat assignment 2015-17: 2016

In this assignment I tried to cover all the things from Grammar, vocabulary and Discourse. In this assignment we are going to illustrate this all three terms. First of all let’s talk about Grammar. That how grammar plays vital role in teaching-learning of English language.

Grammar :-

WHAT IS GRAMMAR ?

This word Grammar is a Greek word which means " Art of letters”.

The first systemic grammars originated in Iron Age India with Ya ska ( 6th century BC ) , Panini (4th Century BC ) and his commentators Pingala ( C.200 BC ), Katyayana and Patanjali ( 2nd century BC ).

" Grammar is its infinite power .To shift the structure of a sentence alters the meaning of that sentence . "

There is a difference between American English and British English. · British English is the form English used in the United Kingdom. It includes all English dialects used in the United Kingdom.

American English is the form of English used in the United States. It includes all English dialects used in the United States.

AME means American English and

BRE means British English.

Definition of Grammar :-

Grammar means the whole system and structure of a language or of languages in general, usually taken as consisting of syntax and morphology (including inflections) and sometimes also phonology and semantics.

In the language Grammar is one type of structure of our ability to express our ideas and ourselves. With the help of Grammar we can find meanings of words, arrange them in proper structure and it’s designed them in proper order. We can understand the language very well. It can help faster precision, detect ambiguity and exploit the richness of expression available in English.

In linguistics, grammar is composition of phrases, clauses and also many other things. The term refers also to the study of such rules and also includes morphology, syntax and phonology. The definition of Grammar is divided into ten parts:-

Ten Parts Of Grammar :-

1. Comparative Grammar

2. Generative Grammar

3. Mental Grammar

4. Pedagogical Grammar

5. Performance Grammar

6. Reference Grammar

7. Theoretical Grammar

8. Traditional Grammar

9. Transformational Grammar

10. Universal Grammar

But in ELT there are two types of grammar.

1. FORMAL GRAMMAR :-

It is starting base of grammar. It takes as their starting point the form or structure of language, with little or no attention given to meaning or context and language use. Main central aim of formal grammars is to explain syntax without recourse to pragmatics.

2. FUNCTIONAL GRAMMAR :-

Functional grammar is very different from formal grammar. It starts from a very different position. Formal grammar is accept the challenge to explain how the sentence is. Functional grammar is more interested in explaining the differences in use between two sentences.

Example :-

Formal :- He plays cricket.

Functional :- Cricket is played by him.

WHY DOES GRAMMAR MATTERs ? :-

“Grammar matters not only for how it transfers power but for its intrinsic beauty and qualities "·

· Grammar is so important for writing and speaking skills.

· Grammar is a part of literature and also important for communication.

· It is important to use your words properly in order to get your point across effectively and while practicing well basic grammar can also improve your skills.

· Grammar is very helpful in every field like, school, collages, and job and in public matter also.

· Grammar is bounded many things like verb, adjective, adverb, speeches, phrases, clauses, prepositions, conjunctions etc.

" If you can't win an argument , correct their grammar instead. "

CURRENT AND FUTURE TRENDS of Grammar :-

HOW TO TEACH GRAMMAR ? :-

There are many various systems in grammar learning and teaching. The question is how to teach grammar with technology? Grammar is connected by many basic things like:-

1. Sentence structure

2. Terms of grammar

3. Grammar peeves

4. Effective writing

1. SENTENCE STRUCTURE :-

Sentence structure is shows the power of grammar and it’s depend on many things like adjective, verb, noun, adverb and phrases. The sentence structure should be complex or single.

Grammar Activities :-

Activities and practice base tasks make students punctual in grammar and also in language. With the help of different activities we should teach and learn grammar easily.

" Good grammar is like personal hygiene ,

you can ignore it if you want ,

but don't be surprised when people

draw their conclusions. "

There are many activities regarding grammar.

Now let’s talk about Vocabulary.

Vocabulary :-

Vocabulary and language teaching is written by Ronald Carter. In this book he talks about

1. Quantitative Questions:-

Quantitative questions start from investigations into the number of words the learner knows or may need to know at a particular stage of learning. Issues of frequency, the construction of core vocabularies, definitions of the size of vocabularies required for specific tasks such as reading are uppermost.

2. Processing Questions :-

How we process language input has been a main orientation in second language acquisition research. The paper by Haastrup in this volume takes vocabulary processing as a starting point, exploring in particular how a group of learners develop lexical differencing strategies in their processing of new words.

3. Evaluation Questions :-

In order to test a learner's knowledge of a word, it is necessary to understand fully what it means to 'KNOW a word' or at least what it means effec7 tively to process lexical input. In his paper Arnaud investigates, by means of a 'multi-trait – multi - method' procedure, the extent to which separate tests of vocabulary and grammar are valid.

4. Questions of Difficulty :-

Definitions of 'difficult words' or 'easy words' are key elements in the question: 'what does it mean to know a word?' They are bound up with further questions of why some words are easier to recall than others, why some words can be retained over periods of time while others are more difficult to retain and what part is played by the specific learning encounter with a word in processing retention and recall.

5. Developmental Questions :-

These latter papers show an involvement with questions of pedagogic strategies for vocabulary development which only underline the vital requirement of knowing more about vocabulary acquisition.

Now let’s talk about Discourse.

Discourse :-

Definition of Discourse :-

The study of Discourse is the study of language independently of the notion of the sentence. This usually involves studying longer (spoken and written) text but above all it involves examining the relationship between a text and the situation in which it occurs, So even any short notice can be also studied as discourse.

It is behavioral unit.it is set of utterances which constitute a recognizable speech event Example a conversation, a joke, a sermon an interview etc. In its historical and etymological perspective this term is used in different perspective like,

1 . Verbal communication.

2 . All the fine talks.

3 . Direct or Indirect speech.

4 . To chat.

In order to narrow down the range of possible meanings, the modern linguists have given different views or definition.

Example :-

Discourse is written as well as spoken: every utterance assuming a speaker and a hearer as discourse.

(Benevolences, 1971: 208-9)

An individualize group of statements and sometimes as a regulated practice that counts for a number of statements.

(Foucault, 1972: 80)

The specification with the term is that ‘discourse must be used with its social purpose’ this is the main specification of discourse.

Hawthorn (1992) says text may be non-interactive whereas discourse is interactive .Means to say text in non-interactive that it only fulfill the function of conveying some meaning. But discourse is always involved in two ways responses in some formal or informal conversation and dialogues etc.

Hawthorn (1992) further says ‘discourse is linguistic communication seen as a transaction between speaker and hearer. While text is also a linguistics communication (either spoken or written) seen simply as a message coded in its auditory or visual medium’

We can say Discourse and Text have something in common as both use the medium of language whether in sign language. Both have some meaning that they try to convey.

But text has a limited scope as compare with discourse. In other words we can say discourse is somewhat broad category in the system of language, and text deals with the written form of language.

Discourse has different form as Discourse of advertising, Discourse of Racism and Discourse of Medical etc. but text has no such forms. Discourse can be found with in text, and not vice versa. Text has its maximum interpretation in its own self but discourse has a lot of things above the language level.

The terms Text and Discourse are often used interchangeably to refer to language

‘Beyond the Sentence’.

A further complication is that the terms Text Linguistics and Discourse Linguistics have, respectively become strongly associated with the study of either written texts or spoken recordings or transcripts.

Conclusion :-

So, with help of different examples I tried to cover all three terms related to teaching English. In English teaching method this three terms are very important Grammar, Vocabulary and Discourse.

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The Nature of Blackness is within the Mind with the reference of Black Skin And White Mask

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Name : Pipavat Gopi Y

Sem : 3 ( M.A. English)

Batch Year: 2015- 2017

Paper no. 11: The Postcolonial Literature

Topic : The Nature of Blackness is within the Mind with the reference of Black Skin And White Mask

Submitted to :

Prof. Dr. Dilip Barad,

Head of the Department,

Department of English

Maharaja Krishnakumarsinhji Bhavnagar University

Introduction :-

This book ‘Black Skin White Masks’ is written by Frantz Fanon. He was born on July 20, 1925, at Fort-de-France, Martinique, France. He died at the age of 36, on 6^th December 1961 at Bethesda, Maryland. He was revolutionary, philosopher, psychiatrist and writer whose writing influenced post-colonial studies, Marxism and critical theory. He was an intellectual fellow political radical, existentialist humanist; he dealt with social, cultural, political problems.

He supported the Algerian war of independence from France, and was also a member of the Algerian national liberation front. The life and works of Frantz fanon have inspired anti-colonial national liberation movements in Palestine, Sir Lanka, and the U.S .He served in the French army. He studied Medicine. He was a psychiatrist.

In France in the year of 1952, Frantz Omar fanon wrote his first book,’ Black Skin, White Masks.’ The book is an analysis of the negative psychological impact of colonial subjugation upon black people. Originally, the manuscript was the doctoral dissertation, submitted at Lyon. Its title was “Essay on the Desalination of the Black” It was rejected and fanon published it as a book.

Frantz Fanon was influenced by many thinkers and traditions including Jean-Paul Sartre, Lacan, Negritude and Marxism. He was influenced by Aime Cesaire, a leader of the negritude movement, was teacher and mentor to fanon on the island of Martinique. Fanon referred to Cesaire’s writings his own work. He quoted, for example, his teacher at length in “They lived experience of the Black man” a heavily anthologized essay form Black Skin, White Masks.

Let’s analyze the book of Fanon ‘Black skin, White Mask’ - This book divided in many chapters. Each chapter has its own importance. They deal with the psychological aspect. It includes the condition of Black people and their mentality. It also gives reflection of white people towards black people. Let’s have a brief look on chapters of this book.

‘I am black: I am in total fusion with the world, sympathetic affinity with the earth, losing my id in the heart of the cosmos-and the white man, however intelligent he may be, is incapable of understanding Louis Armstrong or Songs from the Congo. I am black, not because of a curse, but because my skin has been able to capture all the cosmic effluvia. I am truly a drop of Sun under the earth.

The book is about the mindset or psychology of racism by Frantz fanon, a Martinican psychiatrist and black, post colonialist thinker. The book looks at what goes through the minds of blacks and whites under the conditions of white rule and strange effects that has especially on black people.

The book contains eight chapters. All the chapters deal with discrimination. Now, let’s have a very brief note of all the chapters:

1. Chapter One :- The Negro and Language

2. Chapter Two :-The Woman of Color and the White Man

3. Chapter Three :-The Man of Color and the White Woman

4. Chapter Four :- The So-Called Dependency Complex of Colonized Peoples

5. Chapter Five :- The Fact of Blackness

6. Chapter Six :- The Negro and Psychopathology

7. Chapter Seven :- The Negro and Recognition

8. Chapter Eight :- By Way of Conclusion

Let’s have a look on each and every chapter one by one.

1. Chapter One :- The Negro and Language :-

“O my body,make of me always a Man who questions!”-

Black Skin,White Masks

“What I want to do is help the black man to free himself the arsenal of complexes that has been developed by the colonial environment.”

In this chapter, Fanon shares his thoughts on how language choice reveals some of the effects oppression has had on the black psyche. He points out that, for black people, "to speak is to exist absolutely for the other" meaning that the language one chooses to communicate with requires that he or she "assume a culture, support the weight of a civilization". Key to this theory is the notion that, in the oppressed black mind, there is the tendency to equate European culture and whiteness with humanity. Thus, "the Negro will become whiter--become more human--as he masters the white man's language".

2. Chapter Two :- The Woman of Color and the White Man

"Me? a Negress? Can't you see I'm practically white? I despise Negroes. Niggers stink. They're dirty and lazy. Don't ever mention niggers to me"
~Black Skin, White Masks, Frantz Fanon

And now we move to one of the more exciting chapters in Fanon's book, "The Woman of Color and the White Man". Fanon's analysis, as we have seen, is based primarily on the Martinican relationship to France during his time. As such, he decides to analyze a book written in 1948 by a black woman--Mayotte Capecia--in which she divulges her reasons for being exclusively attracted to white men.

For Fanon, the acts of love and admiration are directly tied to who and what we value. He says, "authentic love...entails the mobilization of psychic drives basically freed of unconscious conflicts". In other words, I cannot seek to love unless I have rid myself, in this case, of my inferiority complex. For black people, this becomes a humongous hindrance because, as Fanon believes, the inferiority complex is what the black world view is mainly comprised of.

3. Chapter Three :- The Man of Color and the White Woman

Fanon argues that the nature of this relationship is also rooted in the latent desire to become white. On page 63 he writes,

"By loving me [a white woman] proves that I am worthy of white love. I am loved like a white man. I am a white man."

As in the previous chapter, Fanon uses a work of literature to illustrate the psychological character of a black man who finds himself in love with a white woman. In the novel Un homme pareil aux autres (A Man Like Any Other) by René Maran, the protagonist, Jean Veneuse, was born in the Caribbean but has lived in Bordeaux, France since he was a child. Fanon notes, "he is a European. But he is Black; so he is a Negro. There is the conflict. He does not understand his own race, and the whites do not understand him". We also find that because of these circumstances, Veneuse feels lonely and has developed into what many would call an introverted bookworm. While we might be led to think that Veneuse's desire is to prove to his white counterparts that he is their equal, Fanon believes that Veneuse himself is the man that has to be convinced.

4. Chapter Four :- The So-Called Dependency Complex of Colonized Peoples

Here, the writer argues against Fanon’s view that people of color have a deep desire for white rule, that those who oppose it to do not have a secure sense of self that they have a chip on their shoulder. From this chapter I came to understand that the stereotypes of Happy Darkies, Uppity Negroes and White Saviors all come from the need of white people to feel that their power in society is good and not racist.

5. Chapter Five :- The Fact of Blackness

This chapter deals with the condition of Black people. Though they are highly educated, spiritual and knowledgeable, but their color of skin giving feeling of embarrassment. Here the sad condition of those people narrated. This chapter deals with the pathetic conditions of blacks. They thought that being always black is as if they are never fully human. No matter how much Education you have or how well you act. They felt they are just like isolated creature from the world.

6. Chapter Six :- The Negro and Psychopathology

Here writer ask question to reader that, Why should people fear black? Question asked here. Part it has to do with white men’s repressed homosexuality and their strange hang-ups about black men’s penises. More generally, black men are viewed as a body, which makes them seem like mindless, violent sexual, animal beings. Add to that all the bad meanings that the word “black” had even before Europeans set foot in black Africa.

7. Chapter Seven :- The Negro and Recognition

This chapter deals with how different styles of white rule shaped black people in America and Martinique.

The Martinican is not a Neurotic. If we were strict in applying the conclusions of the Adlerian school, we should say that the Negro is seeking to protest against the inferiority that he feels historically. Since in all periods the Negro has been an inferior, he attempts to react with superiority complex.

The writer talks about the recognition the Negroes have started getting in later years. He talks about Adlerian - If I were an Adlerian, then , having established the fact that my fr5iend had fulfilled in a dream his wish to become white- that is, to be a man-I would show him that his neurosis, his psychic instability, the rupture of his ego arouse out of this governing fiction, and I would say to him:

“Mannoni has very ably described this phenomenon in the Malagasy. Look here: I think you simply have to resign yourself to remaining in the place that has been assigned to you”.

8.Chapter Eight :- By Way of Conclusion

According to Fanon, it was not easy for Black to forget their past and to free themselves from their past condition. The relations of Black with white were that of the slaves with their masters. French asked the writer to reply for an article that he wrote as he was a Negro who wanted niggers to live with Pride. The writer criticizes their way of running behind whites and thus doing injustice to their country, their culture, their natives.

Fanon quotes- I was committed to myself and to my neighbor to fight for all my life and with all my strength so that never again would people on the earth be subjugated. It was not the black world that laid down my course of conduct. My black skin is not the wrapping of specific values. It is a long time since the starry sky that away Kant’s breath revealed the last of its secrets to us. And the moral law is not certain of itself.

Fanon further stresses :-

“There is no white world, there is no white ethnic any more than there is a white intelligence”.

Conclusion :-

So, at the end we can say that this Book deals with innumerable example of the Black and white problems, the coloured’s inferiority complex. Their inner feeling is revealed throughout the book. It seems that the coloured people themselves did not want to raise high. They were not ready to think high of themselves instead they ran after mirage which was not possible. Skin can’t be changed but mentality can be changed so we can say-

“The Nature of Blackness is within the Mind.”
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Significance of the 'Nature' in the novel In 'TheOld Man and The Sea'.

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Name : Pipavat Gopi Y

Sem : 3 ( M.A. English)

Batch Year : 2015- 2017

Paper Name : 10, The American Literature

Assignment Topic:

Significance of the 'Nature' in the novel In 'TheOld Man and The Sea'.

Submitted to :

Prof. Dr. Dilip Barad,

Head of the Department,

Department of English

Maharaja Krishnakumarsinhji Bhavnagar University

Introduction :

" Every man's life ends the same way. It is only the details of how he lived and how he died that distinguish one man from another." - Ernest Hemingway

American writer -Ernest Hemingway was born in oak park Illinois , on July,21 1899. We could probably say that an unhappy love affair and his unhappy experiences in war were motivating factor which made him a great writer.The brutality of the Hemingway world of fiction has given rise, to the view that he is a sort of 'caveman' of literature. He gives us the impression of being a hyper , sensitive man who has been terribly hurt by life.

Hemingway wrote many books. In 1952,after years of works, he brought out 'the old man and the sea 'a tale of struggle of a single, old fisherman against the power of fate and ocean. It was the story he had been trying to write all his life and brought him to the Pulitze prize in 1953.

About novella:

'The old man and The Sea' is a story of epic struggle between an old experienced fisherman - Santiago and a huge existence but nature is not providing him enough. Nature plays very vital role throughout the novel.

Hemingway's attitude towards 'nature' is not easy to define, when nature is being used for sports-killing fishing, big -game hunting, bull-fighting. -it is beneficent. The joy it can give is so mystical that is beyond the words. 'The old man and The Sea' will show the wide range of his 'naturalism'.if we want to define 'Nature' of the novel - 'The Old Man and The Sea'. We have to see with broadest view. However, the novel is a representation of life as a struggle against unconquerable natural forces in which a kind of victory is possible. It is an epic metaphor for life, a contest in which even the problem of right and wrong seems partly before the great thing that is struggle.

"One can't escape from Nature."

Let's discuss the significant of the 'nature'

Significant of the 'nature'

in novel

The Old Man and The Sea.

The Old Man is unique in his relationship to and understanding of the natural world. During reading the novel , readers find that nature has two aspects in the novel. Nature plays a very huge part in the novel since the setting is the sea and the fish is Santiago's counterpart.

Two aspects of reading 'Nature' is that.....................

1. Nature : as it is. (itself)

2. Nature : as a symbol.

when we just look at how nature it is described in novel and how the old man- Santiago's relation to this nature. some how both are different from each-other.

Santiago talks about the 'sea' as though it is a character, the bird as friend and the sharks as the personal enemies. Santiago physically alone on the sea but he also understands that......

"No man was ever alone on the sea."

Each thing is the part of nature. And surprisingly Santiago's fight is - with nothing else but with nature. Old man has to do struggle with nature though he is a part of 'Nature'.As a part of nature, Sometimes human being becomes totally inferior to it.

"Man can't fight against the nature because nature has supreme power."

one can't rely only on one's skill when s/he is in nature. Because the cruelty goes alone with nature from time to time, is shown when the old man's outer appearance is described.

"Nature takes away what it gives."

Natural elements -sea, birds, sun, moon, trees, sharks ,turtles and jellyfish-all those are part of nature including Santiago. The old man and the sea also incites discussion about the natural order of things.means...in the world every elements are somehow united in harmony or love almost.

''Nature has its own unity.''

A Harmony in Nature:
As we all know that novel has no many characters. There is only three main characters like.....

1. The old man - Santiago

2. The boy - Manolin

3. The fish - Marlin

But...it seems like that nature has its own role throughout the novel. And 'sea' is the most important part of the novel and writer Hemingway describes it as a 'character'.

The atmosphere seems to be at first sight something completely order and in perfect harmony. Nature 'sea' with it creatures in it, birds, the sun, the moon,, the stars are also in their harmony. Relationship between Santiago and with natural elements just like friends. But....relation with shark of Santiago is different than others............

Examples:

"Old man asked the bird 'how old are you?' 'is this your first trip?' the bird looked at him when he spoke. It looks like the old man feels pity for the little bird. He talks to bird like...if he really could understand."

The old man; struggle's with fish Marlin three days, we already find that he is sorry for birds and turtles, but his feelings for the Marlin are different. It seems to be bigger extremely big and powerful.

Old man and fish have to wait that one of the two loses strength. Both probably have same strength as both are the part of same nature. Though both are not direct enemies both are equally important. Both have harmony of the nature. Nature of universe.

It is a world in which everyone is killing or being killed. Because of bonding and intimacy between them nature establish the unity and emotion which transcends the destructive pattern in which they are caught each - other.
Santiago's nature towards the Marlin :

"I love you and respect you very much. But I will kill you dead before this day ends."

Nature has not only positive image but it has also destructive and hostile as well. The nature which seems to be so peaceful at first time sight is also sometime like an enemy. Nature has constructive and destructive both power at the same time.

Each living thing - men or animals act according to the compulsion of its nature in the process of becoming a part of the profound harmony of the natural universe. No one is totally good or bad both aspects are there into one and the same way, Santiago's temperament goes on changing. Even the sharks have their own place. The sharks are largely scavengers, but the strongest and most powerful among them.

As we already mention that the old man- Santiago is unique. But in the 'Nature' Santiago really is nothing more or less than one of the creature in the 'sea'.

Representation of Nature:

Nature can't be predicated. As we discuss that Santiago's nature and other element's of nature depends on situations (universe of nature.) But...universally , nature is not decided. Nature describe only as it is but somehow in this novel, we find that........

"Nature is static in the whole novel. It is not beautiful as we think in our imagination. Really it is so cruel and brutal."

Examples:

From the starting of novel there is something stress on mind of reader because of the description of nature like...........

"Fished alone in a skiff in the gulf stream and he had gone eighty-four days without talking fish."

It seems like the misfortune because of nature. In novel is static and because of its quality, Santiago can understand nature with his own tricks or skill. Stars, birds and other natural elements helps him in wild ocean. So, some of natural elements are favour in to the old man and he has to fight nature also. As a part of nature, Santiago the old man solves the query of symbolism which is provided by nature.

Novella - 'The Old Man and the Sea' is based on conflict between Man v/s Nature. Though man is part of nature, sometime, he has to accept nature as battlefield as Santiago accepts the 'sea' a s his battlefield. He has to stand there.

However, the sea is not providing him enough catch to survive. He is able to catch the large marlin but sea will not allow him to have it and he returns to share with nothing but 'skeleton.'

"Nature defeated him with his bad luck."

Symbolism in Nature:

Symbolically , however the conflict is representative of man's conflict with overpowering forces in society . Man's resilience against those forces. Nature has its own symbol and it uses in different way. No doubt each symbol has its own interpretation but in the novella - "the old man and the sea".

Sea : as a character :

The novel - is not only struggle about the old man's suffering. It also seems like that .....'sea voyage'. In the novel 'sea' itself a strong character. 'Sea' itself becomes symbol and it also becomes character also in the novel.

'sea' is marvelously described in the novel. It is mighty object. And I think sea is directly compared with old man's strength, depth of thoughts and spirit. In that sense, sea is the symbol of the (mightiness ) Old man's mightiness.

Blue water of sea is also compared with the old man's eye. Old man can't escape from that he has to stand in the battlefield with his spirit though he knows that he might be lose. Sea only doesn't represents the great pain and suffering which is already existed in human life. For us , the old man - Santiago and sea is united.

Sea is the reflection of that pain and suffering of human life.

".Kaik to chhe ke jethi Uncho- Nicho thay chhe Dariyo;

Mane To Apani jem j Dukhi dekhay Dariyo."

Symbolically, the meaning of the 'sea' is constantly changed because it is based on context. In this novel. 'Sea' might be seen as misfortune. But in other literature it compares with other elements or emotions.

In Gujarati literature we find 'Samudrantike ' by Dhruv Bhatt and 'Dariyalal' by Gunvant Acharya give too much space to nature 'sea' in their novel.

Though nature is not favour and it is in its destructive image or mode, People adore the sea a 'GOD'.
In 'samundrantike' kharva people said that.....

''Dariyo dev chhe! ''

I think, in nature we find wholeness and the 'sea' is one of the most bewilder example of it. Because each time sea-ocean is not beautiful but sea is also able to create horrible image in mind.

Poem written by Dhruv Bhatt- also reflects that one can't understand 'Sea'. Because it goes on changing and so many thing are there at the same time and all those things are true at a time for 'Sea' .

Above poem also describes 'sea' as a character. Other natural elements like..............Bird; as general bird may be suggests the freedom. But here, bird may be symbolized as ordinary man who can't understand the symbolic meaning of nature. Night and Stares become the symbol of follow suffer which shown him right path during his journey.

For The Old man, all those elements are the symbol of hope and light in the darkness. Though they all are in harmony, they are individual. Each is doing struggle in the nature and the same way, the old man - Santiago fights with his own strength. One has to fight with own fat without talking help of other. As whole, each aspects of nature has its own nature in the universe.

"Man can't fight with nature. Because man is the part of nature and it has supreme power over us."

But as human being, man can't accept himself as inferior or defeated so; Old man continues his struggle till the end. And it is one of the best line of the novel which describes reality also that......

"A man can be destroyed but not defeated."

Example of stars............

"The stars were bright now and he saw the dolphin clearly and he pushed the blade of his knife into his head and drew him out from the stern."

Means..... In darkness stars help to the old man, Santiago and stars becomes the symbol of guide also.
Perspectives:

We all know that novel -'The Old Man and The Sea' based on the struggle. Struggle between the old man and nature. Does man not part of nature?. But The old man says that.............

"But man is not made for defeat."

Human being can't accept themselves as defeated. They want to satisfy their 'Ego' though they all are part of nature. but .............. What make differences in between man and other natural elements ?

Yes, language, language makes differences between the old man and other natural elements like..'Sea' , 'Sharks' and 'Marlin'.

Just think , is it the same story if it is written by Sharks, Sea and Marlin's perspectives?

what they want to speak if they have language.

Let's imagine their perspectives.
Sea:

Though sea is a battlefield for old man, sea saves so many lives in it. Sea says........"The Old man-you are representative of the mankind and always referred me as cruel. You destroy my shelters lives. I give you so many place in my area. Toy get so many things from me. I just give you never demand anything and then I am cruel?"

"Man kind you never understand me , my pain, my suffering and then I never stop my work for you. After so much suffering from you, when I start giving reaction you all say that ' I am destroyer'. But....so called 'intellectual man' - first look at yourself.

The sharks:

Sea is 'home' for sharks. The sharks are not an accident in sea but it is natural in 'sea'.

"He had come up from deep down in the water as the dark cloud of blood had settled and dispersed in the mile deep sea."

'This was a fish built to feed on all the fishes in the sea, that were so fast and strong and well armed that they had no other enemy.'

Fish marlin:

Though marlin is small part of Nature. He played a vital role in the novella - 'The Old Man and The Sea'. It is fish Marlin who makes the Old Man 'Hero' of the novella.

Marlin says, ......

"you the old man - why you hunt me? You cross your limits to prove yourself only. To satisfy your ego through me. I am object for you nothing else. You - human beings have no co - existence with other creatures. Are suffered from your race. We are not enemy to you all and then even you are ready to kill us only because of your pride".

"yes, old man the difference between you and me only is language. You, tell the story to others only from your perspective and be the hero of your story. But what about me ? My pain ? What about my suffering ? Who tells the story about me to your people. Your race ? "you killed me for pride and because you are fisher-man you did not kill the fish only to keep alive and sell for food." Marlin says..."Old man killing me you get admiration and money but killing you, I get nothing. I fight with you and only to save my own life. 'I kill you in self-defense. 'I am alone weapon less to fight against you but you have so many things and then I am innocent than you. "you are more wilder than me". I listen your words when you say that ..

"I may not be as strong as I think but I know many tricks and I have resolution"

"Old man, I am also wild creature as you are. But I kill them as natural forces for my live hood not prove myself as you want. I feel proud that I am not part of your world - who don't keep respect, love and empathy to others."

Means..... Observing through the novella, the role of the victor and the victim is constantly changed.
Example:

First Santiago is the victor over the marlin; then he suffers vicariously the marlin's defeat as the sharks strip a way its flesh Santiago reflects, as the attack by the first shark threatens to turn his victory into a defeat.

So, in Nature - all things are moving. One can't stay at only on one place. One's role is constantly changed. As , we have Guajarati phrase......................"Je Poshitu Te Martu E Karm Dise chee Kudarati !".

Epilogue :

Discussing Nature with various aspects, we may say that each thing has its own nature and sufficient space into Nature. Universe provides total free place to its own things and man. We have to adjust ourselves with others as we and they both are the part of nature. One can't describe nature in words because it is vast phenomena and unique experience to feel.
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