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Archetypal
Criticism
M. K.
BHAVNAGAR UNIVERSITY
Department
Of English
Pipavat
Gopi Yogeshbhai
Roll
No :27
Pg
Enrollment No: 15101031
Paper
Name : Literary Theory & Criticism.
Topic:
Archetypal Criticism by
Northrop Frye
Foreword:
There are many varieties of criticism. This article over views some of the main types of
criticism that occur regularly in everyday life. For other criteria which are
used to classify criticisms, click here. For more subject specific information,
see the pages on topics such as art, film, literature, theatre, or
architecture..
Aesthetic criticism:
Aesthetic
criticism is that part of aesthetics which is concerned with critically judging
beauty and ugliness, tastefulness and tastelessness, style and fashion, the
meaning and quality of design, and issues of human sentiment and affect (the
evocation of pleasure and pain, likes and dislikes). Most parts of human life
have
an aesthetic dimension, which means there is plenty potential for criticism. Often
an aesthetic dimension, which means there is plenty potential for criticism. Often
Architecture
criticism
architecture criticism is
considered the highest form of aesthetic criticism, because architecture
combines art, science and technology to build a pleasing home environment, a
"living space" which people have to inhabit everyday,
more or less permanently.
more or less permanently.
Logical criticism:
In a logical criticism, an objection is raised about
an idea, argument, action or situation on the ground that it does not make
rational sense (there is something wrong with it because it is illogical, it
does not follow, or it violates basic conventions of meaning;– see Straight and
Crooked Thinking.
Factual
criticism:
In a factual (empirical) criticism, an objection is
raised about an idea, argument, action or situation on the ground that there is
something wrong with the evidence of the known experience relevant to it.
Typically, Relevant purported facts are claimed to be false or implausible,
i.e. not facts at all. Relevant facts are said not to have been definitely
established as true, or the likelihood that they are true, has not been
established.
Positive
criticism
Example: Oprah Winfrey
A positive criticism draws attention to a good or positive aspect of something which is being ignored,disregarded or overlooked. People may be able to see only the negative side of something, so that it becomes necessary to highlight the positive side. A positive criticism may also be a type of self justification
or self-defense. The term "positive criticism" is also used in the sense that the criticism is "wellmeant" or "well-intentioned" ("I mean it in a positive way") here,it is emphasized the criticism is intended to serve a purpose which is constructive, or which the targeted person would approve of.
Example: Oprah Winfrey
A positive criticism draws attention to a good or positive aspect of something which is being ignored,disregarded or overlooked. People may be able to see only the negative side of something, so that it becomes necessary to highlight the positive side. A positive criticism may also be a type of self justification
or self-defense. The term "positive criticism" is also used in the sense that the criticism is "wellmeant" or "well-intentioned" ("I mean it in a positive way") here,it is emphasized the criticism is intended to serve a purpose which is constructive, or which the targeted person would approve of.
Negative criticism:
Negative criticism means voicing an objection to
something, only with the purpose of showing that it is wrong, false, mistaken,
nonsensical, objectionable, or disreputable. Generally, it suggests disapproval
of something, or disagreement with something it emphasizes the downsides of
something. Negative criticism is also often interpreted as an attack against a
person (ad hominem). That may not have been the intention,but it can be
interpreted that way. Negative criticism can have the effect that the people
criticized feel attacked or insulted by it, so that they
either do not take it seriously, or react badly to it. Much often depends on how much negative criticism there is, and how much criticism is transmitted at once. People can handle some negative criticism, but they may not be able to handle a whole lot of negative criticism, at least not all at once.
either do not take it seriously, or react badly to it. Much often depends on how much negative criticism there is, and how much criticism is transmitted at once. People can handle some negative criticism, but they may not be able to handle a whole lot of negative criticism, at least not all at once.
Constructive
criticism
Constructive criticism aims to show that the intent or purpose of something is better served by an alternative approach. In this case, making the criticism is not necessarily deemed wrong, and its purpose is respected; rather, it is claimed that the same goal could be better achieved via a different route. Constructive criticisms are often suggestions for improvement – how things could be done better or more acceptably.They draw attention to how an identified problem could be solved, or how it could be solved better.
Constructive criticism aims to show that the intent or purpose of something is better served by an alternative approach. In this case, making the criticism is not necessarily deemed wrong, and its purpose is respected; rather, it is claimed that the same goal could be better achieved via a different route. Constructive criticisms are often suggestions for improvement – how things could be done better or more acceptably.They draw attention to how an identified problem could be solved, or how it could be solved better.
Archetypal Criticism:
About Northrop Fry:
Northrop Fry was born in Canada in 1921 and studied
at Toronto University and
Merton College, Oxford University. Initially he was a student of Theology and then he switched over to literature defined an archetype as a symbol, usually an image, which recurs often enough in literature to be recognizable as an element of one’s literary experience as a whole.He published his first book, ‘Fearful Symmetry: A study of William Blake’ in 1947. The book is a highly original study of the poetry of Blake and it is considered a classic critical work. Northrop Frye rose to international prominence with the publication of ‘Anatomy of Criticism’ in 1957 and it firmly established him as one of the most
brilliant, original and influential of modern critics. Frye died in 1991. On the whole, he wrote about twenty books on western literature, culture, myth, archetypal theory, religion and social thought. ‘The Fables of Identity: Studies in poetic Mythology’ is a critical work published in 1963.
Merton College, Oxford University. Initially he was a student of Theology and then he switched over to literature defined an archetype as a symbol, usually an image, which recurs often enough in literature to be recognizable as an element of one’s literary experience as a whole.He published his first book, ‘Fearful Symmetry: A study of William Blake’ in 1947. The book is a highly original study of the poetry of Blake and it is considered a classic critical work. Northrop Frye rose to international prominence with the publication of ‘Anatomy of Criticism’ in 1957 and it firmly established him as one of the most
brilliant, original and influential of modern critics. Frye died in 1991. On the whole, he wrote about twenty books on western literature, culture, myth, archetypal theory, religion and social thought. ‘The Fables of Identity: Studies in poetic Mythology’ is a critical work published in 1963.
Three parts of archetypal criticism:
In the essay Frye critically analyses literature
against the backdrop of rituals and myths. He interprets literature in the light of various rituals
and myths. Frye has divided the essay into three parts. The first part deals
with the concept of archetypal criticism. The second part throws light on the
inductive method of analysis of a text. The third part focuses on the deductive
method of analysis. All the methods full under structural criticism. Another
way of thinking about archetypes is to imagine that in some way it is possible
to plot the important aspects of a story
onto a graph.
what is Archetypal Criticism?
The answer of this is in literary criticism the term
archetype suggests narrative designs, patterns of action, character types,
themes and images which are known to a wide verity of works of literature also
to myths, dreams and even social rituals. Carl G. Jung (19751961) says it the,
“collective unconsciousness” of the human race and are expressed in myths,
religion, freams also in works of literature. Thus in literature it becomes an
archetypal criticism. It is generally said that there are many practitioners of
various types of archetypal criticism like G. Wilson Knight, Robert Graves,
Philip wheelwright, Richard chase, Leslie fielder and tossup Campbell. They
have emphasized on the events of mythical patterns in literature. They believe
that myths are closest to the archetypal literature. Rather than the
writers who write only for the sake of their fame.
writers who write only for the sake of their fame.
THE
CONCEPT OF ARCHETYPAL CRITICISM:
Literature can be interpreted in as many ways as possible, and there are different
approaches to literature and one among them is the archetypal approach. The term
‘archetype’ means an original idea or pattern of something of which others are copies. Archetypal approach is the interpretation of a text in it, and these cultural patterns are based on the myths and rituals of race or nation or social group. The ‘collective consciousness’ is a major theory if Jung. according to Jung, civilized man ‘unconsciously’ preserves the ideas, concepts and values of life cherished by his distant forefathers, and such ideas are expressed in a society’s or race’s myths and rituals. Creative writers have used myths in their works and critics analyze text is called archetypal criticism. T.S.Eliot has used mythical patterns in his creative works and the wate land is a good example of it.
Literature can be interpreted in as many ways as possible, and there are different
approaches to literature and one among them is the archetypal approach. The term
‘archetype’ means an original idea or pattern of something of which others are copies. Archetypal approach is the interpretation of a text in it, and these cultural patterns are based on the myths and rituals of race or nation or social group. The ‘collective consciousness’ is a major theory if Jung. according to Jung, civilized man ‘unconsciously’ preserves the ideas, concepts and values of life cherished by his distant forefathers, and such ideas are expressed in a society’s or race’s myths and rituals. Creative writers have used myths in their works and critics analyze text is called archetypal criticism. T.S.Eliot has used mythical patterns in his creative works and the wate land is a good example of it.
TWO TYPES OF CRITICISM AND THE HUMANITIES:
Like science literary criticism is also a
systematized and organized body of
knowledge. Science dissects and analyses nature and facts. Similarly literary criticism analysis and interprets literature. Frye further says that literary criticism and it’s theirs and techniques can be taught, but literature cannot be taught rather it is to be felt and enjoyed. This kind of criticism will give only the background information about a work. A meaningless criticism will distract the reader from literature. Literature is a part of humanities and humanities include philosophy and history also. These two branches of knowledge provide a kind of pattern for understanding literature.
knowledge. Science dissects and analyses nature and facts. Similarly literary criticism analysis and interprets literature. Frye further says that literary criticism and it’s theirs and techniques can be taught, but literature cannot be taught rather it is to be felt and enjoyed. This kind of criticism will give only the background information about a work. A meaningless criticism will distract the reader from literature. Literature is a part of humanities and humanities include philosophy and history also. These two branches of knowledge provide a kind of pattern for understanding literature.
NORTHROP FRYE’S CONTRIBUTION TO THE ARCHETYPAL CRITICISM
Frye has written ‘the Archetypes of literature’ in 1951 and then ‘Anatomy of criticism’ in 1957 which is his one of the well renowned works. In his book “Anatomy of criticism” Frye has covered most the archetypal approaches in the theory of literature and the practice of literature criticism.In his ‘Archetypes of literature’ Frye outlines a theory of the arts in general and literature in particular which would be developed more fully in his celebrated “Anatomy of criticism”
Frye’s project is to identify and classify the archetypes of literature. The four ‘mythos’ that we are dealing with like, comedy, romance, tragedy and irony or satire. Frye uses the season in his archetypal schema. Each season is attached with a literary genre, for example;
Comedy with spring,
Romance with summer,
Tragedy with autumn and
Satire or irony with winter.
Fry gives the context of a genre determines how a symbol and image is to be
interpreted. He gives five different views of different fields like, human, animal, vegetation, mineral and water.
ARCHETYPAL CRITICISM AS “A NEW POETICS”
For Frye this, ‘New poetics’ is to be found in the principal of the mythological
framework, which as come to be known as ‘Archetypal criticism’.
Essentially: “What criticism can do?”
According to Frye;
“Is awaken students to
Successive levels of awareness
Of the mythology that lies
Behind the ideology in which
Their society indoctrinates
Them”
Unlike Freud’s concept, myths are collective and communal and so bring a sense of wholeness and togetherness to social life. People and the whole civilized have their own mythologies, but there may be the common Jung called ‘Archetypes’.
There are Frye’s four essays titled,
1. “Historical criticism” A theory of modes.
2. “Ethical criticism” A theory of symbols.
3. “Archetypal criticism” A theory of myths.
4.
“Rhetorical criticism” A theory of genres.
From all these we are concerned with Frye’s “Archetypal criticism” which suggests a theory of myths. This third essay has possibility been Frye’s most identifying the four seasons with four main plots or “mythoi” as we have seen earlier.
From all these we are concerned with Frye’s “Archetypal criticism” which suggests a theory of myths. This third essay has possibility been Frye’s most identifying the four seasons with four main plots or “mythoi” as we have seen earlier.
Distance:
Richter explains that for Frye:
“Each generation
rewrites The stories of the past in Ways that make sense for It, recycling a
vast Tradition over the eyes.”
Of
the different approaches of literary criticism, Northrop Frye has
established the validity of the archetypal approach and its relevance in the
elucidation of a text. About mythology, as it is the third theory of the essay
‘Archetypal criticism’, Frye points out there are only a few species of myth though
there are an infinite numbers of individual myths. For example, these species or
archetypes of myths include
established the validity of the archetypal approach and its relevance in the
elucidation of a text. About mythology, as it is the third theory of the essay
‘Archetypal criticism’, Frye points out there are only a few species of myth though
there are an infinite numbers of individual myths. For example, these species or
archetypes of myths include
“Myths of creation, of fall,
Of exodus and migration of
The destruction, of the human
Race in the past or the future,
And of redemption.”
Of exodus and migration of
The destruction, of the human
Race in the past or the future,
And of redemption.”
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